Thermal bridge calculations can be conducted using different strategies that allow for the determination of linear thermal transmittance of elements. One of the most discussed topics in renovation and energy efficiency, also mentioned in the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), is the problem of thermal bridges. Although external cladding allows better results, if this is not possible, in the Mediterranean climate positive effects can be obtained by insulation in the cavity between the two brick walls of residential building façades. He demonstrates that is possible to improve the energy performance of an existing building to a similar level of a new one. Sodagar conducts a study on sustainability potential of refurbishment on a mid-19th century apartment building. This condition represents a problem to deal with but, at the same time, the solution to energy efficiency of the building heritage due to the possibility of defining standard intervention strategies that could have a relevant impact on global energy demand. These technologies continued to spread over the years in Italy-and in the Mediterranean context-until the end of the last century, so that most of the building stock presented with critical issues with respect to energy performance and thermal bridges. The need for a fast response to a housing emergency, linked to urban drift and population growth, led to simple and widespread building technologies without any kind of innovation. Despite the architectural quality, from a constructive point of view, techniques were standardized and based on conventional construction processes. The so-called “INA-Casa experience” has been characterized by an outstanding spatial and architectural research conducted by some of the greatest architects, which in those years were involved in the post-war reconstruction projects. Findings show that an accurate insulation design allows for both more efficient conditions and the preservation of the heritage-listed buildings. Interventions performed primarily on the internal layer of the façade with insulation elements, when appropriately designed, strengthen the negative effects of thermal bridges in junctions.
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After the renovation, total impact was reduced up to 70% depending on whether high performance windows were replaced in particular, the impact of opaque walls and thermal bridges were reduced by 66% and 82%, respectively. Results show that before the renovation, opaque walls and thermal bridges respectively contributed to 25% and 44% of total transmission heat loss in the case-study building façade. Non-destructive insulating solutions have been proposed and a comparison between transmission heat loss coefficient in the current situation and the designed intervention was made. Aiming to achieve an energy demand reduction, thermal features of building façades were evaluated by field measurements and simulations for one INA-Casa listed apartment building built in the 1950s. Building façades, through opaque walls and thermal bridges, are a major source of transmission heat losses and require sustainable and consistent solutions. Several combinations of external precast walls have been shown as optimal for cold climate.Energy efficiency of building heritage derived from pre-regulation period is one of the most debated topics in Europe. The output values of the simulations are adapted to the cold climate and based on thermal properties, costs and sustainability score. The input data are the building materials with their thermal properties, sustainability characteristics and the supply and installation costs.
The results are divided into three categories thick, thin and ultra-thin precast walls, in accordance with their thicknesses. The modeFRONTIER rel.4.3 optimization tool has been used to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of the building components in accordance with the UNI EN ISO 13786:2008 and to obtain a multitude of high efficiency configurations. The methodology has been explained on the paper entitled “High performance precast external walls for cold climate by a multi criteria methodology” (Baglivo and Congedo, 2016). Data are related to the multi-objective optimization process applied to the building materials to obtain high energy-efficient precast walls for cold climate.
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